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| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Foreigners | |||||||||||||
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Shifting from doctrine to action, the group established the Junta Central do Integralismo Lusitano [Central Board of Lusitanian Integralism], marking the inception of a political party, despite its consistent denial of being one due to its opposition to the concept of political parties. They engaged in ongoing agitation and, for this purpose, published the newspaper A Monarquia [The Monarchy] , in 1917, which rarely featured verbal violence. The Integralists then became involved with Sidónio Paes and played an essential role in the Monarchy of the North, Traulitania, and Monsanto. During the Decembrist period, they had occupied key positions within both the administration and the army, highlighting their Germanophilia and betrayal during the 1914–1918 War. The third volume is dedicated to the actions of the integralists within the monarchist cause and the subsequent disintegration of that party, a result of "eternal personal quarrels and hateful vendettas" ( O Integralismo , III, p. 29). This volume primarily recounts the split and estrangement from the exiled pretender to the throne, Manuel II. The integralists allied with the miguelists, choosing Duarte Nuno as their pretender. "The rivalries and hatred between monarchists then took on unprecedented proportions" ( O Integralismo , III, p. 141). Without hesitation, CF highlights the contradictions and absurdities in the positions of certain monarchist doctrinaires, such as António Sardinha, Fernando de Sousa (Nemo), Hipólito Raposo, and Alfredo Pimenta. He does not exclude Paiva Couceiro, whom he describes as "by his arbitrary action, one of the most pernicious agents of national disorder and unrest (...)" ( O Integralismo , III, p. 252). He sought to align the integralist doctrine with the supporters of King Manuel II, further deepening the divisions among the royalists. These divides were not mended by the Dover (1912) and Paris (1922) pacts. For CF, however, it was the integralist doctrine and actions that rendered the restoration of the monarchy unfeasible due to the division they introduced among its supporters. |
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This work is financed by national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P, in the scope of the projects UIDB/04311/2020 and UIDP/04311/2020. |
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