Queirós Veloso began his further education at the Polytechnic Academy and the Medical-Surgery School in Porto. However he gave up the medical profession to follow a career as a journalist (Folha Nova and Província), a world in which he met Oliveira Martins, Eça de Queirós, Antero de Quental and others. In 1892, he moved to Lisbon where he collaborated on Novidades, where he met Eugénio de Castro, and had an administrative position in the Carris transport company. He entered the teaching profession at the time of the high school reform carried out by Jaime Moniz (1895) and was appointed a teacher at the Liceu Central in Évora. In this Alentejo city he later became director of the Escola de Habilitação para o Magistério Primário [Training School for Primary Teachers] and the Public Library.

In 1900 he became a member of the Regeneration Party [Partido Regenerador] and was elected as a deputy for the Vila Verde (Braga) circuit the following year. Immediately afterwards he was chosen to be the Civil Governor of Viana do Castelo, a post he would occupy twice (1901-04 and 1906). He returned to the national parliament in Lisbon in the 1905, 1908 and 1910 legislatures when the 5th October revolution ushered in the republican regime. In the new institutional framework he occupied top positions in the field of education, being Director-General of Secondary, Higher and Special Education (first in the Ministry of the Interior and then in the new Ministry of Public Education), Vice-Rector of the University of Lisbon and representative of the Universities in the Senate of the Republic (1918).

With the 1901 reform of the Curso Superior de Letras [Higher School of Letters], he returned to teaching and was chosen to teach the course História do Ensino secundário desde o século XVI [History of Secondary Education since the 16th Century]. In 1910, even before the Republic was declared and as a result of the death of Consiglieri Pedroso, the director of the Higher School of Letters at that time, Queirós Veloso was elected to take over the position. In 1911 he won the first election held for the deanship of the Lisbon Faculty of Letters, and later he would become Vice-Rector of the University. He retained the post of Dean of the Faculty until 1929, when he reached the maximum age limit and had to give up all his positions within the university structure. However, it was after this that he wrote most of his historiographical works. When he moved over from the Higher School of Letters to the new Faculty, Queirós Veloso became part of the History Section, where he was responsible for the following courses: General History of Civilization (1911-1930), Introduction to History (1918/19), History of Portugal II ( (1917-1930) and, for a short period, History of Modern and Contemporary Philosophy (1914/15).

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