Within these disciplines, some teachers authored textbooks (e.g., Cirne Júnior, 1881; Afreixo, 1883; Bastos, 1892) that incorporated a historical perspective into the theoretical and practical components of the Pedagogy subject . It was believed that future teachers had a duty to understand educational systems from a historical standpoint, recognising that the future could only be built with materials rooted in the past. On the other hand, nearly all the pedagogical texts aimed at students of the escolas normais included historical chapters, though these were often limited to simplified accounts and lacked original theoretical contributions. In the field of historical research, 19th-century Portugal yielded limited output; however, D. António da Costa made notable contributions (1870, 1871, 1884) that stood out due to his governance experience and reformist inclinations. Within the framework of erudite and positivist educational history based on the compilation of official documents, José Silvestre Ribeiro authored the first historiographical work aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the history of Portuguese education. His História dos estabelecimentos scientificos, litterariosrios e artísticos de Portugal nos successivos reinados da Monarchia [ History of Scientific, Literary, and Artistic Establishments in Portugal during the Successive Reigns of the Monarchy ] (19 volumes, 1871–1914) remains a significant resource. It is a vast work centred on the compilation of an immense body of original information, especially legislative in nature, concerning diverse formal educational institutions, informal educational institutions (museums, libraries, botanical gardens…), and prominent educators and figures in the field. In a similar vein, though more limited in institutional scope, Teófilo Braga’s Historia da Universidade de Coimbra nas suas relações com a instrucção publica [ History of the University of Coimbra in Its Relations with Public Education ] (4 volumes, 1892–1902) was published. Towards the end of the 19th century, based on meticulous research and deep reflection aimed at rescuing the past while enabling a deeper understanding of the present, Francisco Adolfo Coelho published three articles under the title Para a história da instrução popular [ Towards the History of Popular Education ] (1895). These works were part of a potential project to study primary education in Portugal up to the 18th century.

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