During the Estado Novo period, history of education saw little development. Universities lacked the resources to encourage academic research, and educational history topics were seldom promoted in undergraduate theses. Nonetheless, some erudite studies on 19th-century education, teaching, and pedagogical doctrines were published independently. These works were largely descriptive, based on accessible primary sources, and of varying depth. A significant innovation in educational history research came with Rómulo de Carvalho’s História da fundação do Colégio Real dos Nobres de Lisboa [ History of the Foundation of the Royal College of Nobles of Lisbon ] , ( 1761-1772). This work aligned with the perspectives of New History by drawing on an original corpus of documents housed in various archives. In the early 1960s, research in the history of education began to show a shift towards a more innovative approach, moving away from the mere erudite descripti ve style . Groundbreaking work was undertaken by Luís de Albuquerque, who studied the development of primary and secondary teaching during the early years of liberalism, meticulously analysing both manuscript sources (school reforms, statistics) and printed materials (pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, books). Joel Serrão also contributed to this new trend, not only through partial studies but also as the editor of the Dicionário de História de Portugal [ Dictionary of Portuguese History ], ( 4 vols., 1963-1971) . This work, which continues to serve as a valuable reference and research tool, features topics on the history of education developed by esteemed authors, highlighting the histories of various educational levels and higher institutions. Examples include “Teaching of Fine Arts” (Alfredo Betâmio de Almeida), “Secondary Education” (Luís de Albuquerque), “Primary Education and Illiteracy” (Rui Grácio), “Technical Middle Education” (António Cristóvão Santos), “University” (Luís de Albuquerque), “Episcopal and Parish Schools” (Father António Domingues), “College of Arts” (Delfim Santos), “College of Nobles,” and “Polytechnic School” (Rómulo de Carvalho).

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